Hugo Münsterberg published one of the earliest essays, “The photoplay: a psychological study”, in 1916. Psychological methods applied in film studiesĪ hundred years ago, early psychologists already tried to understand how we perceive edited moving images. So positive or negative has a different impact on attention. People in a happy mood use a more automatic or heuristic information processing style and judgments are made on the basis of an overall impression. Affect-as-information theory suggests that people in a sad mood process information more deliberately and search for specific information before making a judgment (Clore et al. It is well known that attention is influenced by many psychological and social factors, including cognitive capacity, emotion, personality, gender and age (Banerjee et al. The emotion before viewing films is normally analyzed as the baseline. Emotional experience while film viewing and emotion variety are paid much attention to. 70 film clips were selected by 50 film experts and then rated by 364 participants on multiple dimensions (Schaefer et al. Researchers created a large film database to study emotion. So, it is often used to be as a tool for priming emotion in psychological studies (Gross and Levenson 1995 Payne et al. Film has been proven that it is one of the most effective and ethically sound ways of priming mood. Films make us laugh, cry, angry, fearful or calm.
All these changes reflect filmmakers’ increasing desire to attract audiences’ attention and to improve audiences’ experience.Īnother important function of film is emotional experience. Emotional experience in filmįrom silence to sound, from white and black to colorful, from 2-dimension to 3-dimension images, from framed screen films to frameless cinematic virtual reality (CVR), the history of film is closely correlated with the development of media techniques. The theory helps us understand how audiences process static and dynamic images in the film. The static and dynamic saliency maps were computed and integrated, in a competitive manner, into a final map of attention, the saliency map on which a Winner-Take-All algorithm is applied to select the most visually salient parts of the scene (Ouerhani and Hü 2003). A computational model of dynamic visual attention was proposed to detect the most salient locations in dynamic scenes. How people deal with dynamic information is more complex processing. Most of them rely on the feature integration theory presented by Treisman and Gelade ( 1980). Thus, only a small subset of the sensory information is selected for further processing, which partially explains the rapidity of human visual behavior. Human vision relies extensively on a visual attention mechanism that selects parts of the scene, on which higher vision tasks can focus. Visual attention is the ability to rapidly detect the interesting parts of a given scene on which higher-level computer vision tasks can focus. DAT proposed attention will detect and characterize the temporal structure of external event streams to form the allocation of attention in time, and optimize the processing and prediction of external events through the readjustment of this attention resource in the time dimension (Large and Jones 1999). Dynamic attending theory (DAT) argues that attention is the dynamic anticipation and processing of events that vary in time. Film is the best carrier to explore dynamic media because it is the mature product of art, digital techniques and market. Dynamic visual media has increasingly become an integral part of our everyday lives. People spend a lot of leisure time watching films, television, or some other forms of edited dynamic media.
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